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PGM 1226 'TONE COLOR REVERIES' : sept. 20-27

It was ambient godfather BRIAN ENO who observed that, unlike conventional instruments with centuries of history, the synthesizer came "without any baggage." The synthesizer required the musician to consciously design the sounds they use, and thereby effectively define a new instrument, every time.

Ironically, this pointed back to a late Romantic genre of European classicism called "tone color" music, associated with German composers like WAGNER, STRAUSS and MAHLER, and French composers DEBUSSY and RAVEL, who all invented radical new kinds of orchestration. But where tone color music was a difficult stretch for conventional instruments, it's like the native language of synthesizers.

On this transmission of HEARTS of SPACE, a chromatic journey in the floating worlds of electronic spacemusic, on a program called TONE COLOR REVERIES. Music is by LONEWARD, DEEP SPACE, PAUL AVGERINOS, JARGUNA, and DAVID HELPLING.

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PGM 1225 'DEVOTION' : sept. 13-20

From the world of traditional Hindu and Buddhist religion come practices focused on devotion—to god, to guru or to the divine itself. The Sanskrit word bhakti means practicing a path centered on emotional devotion as a spiritual principle and means of salvation. 

The adoption of Indian spirituality and culture by westerners after the 1960s famously led to yoga and meditation, and also to kirtan—group chanting of Indian devotional prayers — and later to new hybrids of western and Indian music. On this transmission of HEARTS of SPACE, the ardent sound of devotional chants and contemplative instrumentals, on a program called DEVOTION.

Music is by CRAIG PRUESS, HANS CHRISTIAN, ALAM KHAN, CONFLUENCE TRIO, WHITE SUN, MANEESH DE MOOR+SUDHA, AL GROMER KHAN, and DEVA PREMAL.

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PGM 1224 'GLOBAL FUSION' : aug. 16-23

While world politics seems to get ever more contentious these days, a quiet alternative of cooperation and collaboration has been going on in the world of music. Historically powered by travel on trade routes like the Silk Road, modern recording and communication technologies fueled a worldwide acceleration of the process during the 20th century. In the internet era, music propagates around the world instantly, and a new breed of open-minded musicians collaborate freely, cross-fertilizing their native traditions to produce new and vigorous hybrids. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, cross-cultural fusions inspired by the contemplative music of Asia and Africa, on a program called GLOBAL FUSION.

Music is by PORANGUÍ, DEAD CAN DANCE, STEPHAN MICUS, STEVEN CHESNE, TONNE/SKY/ARELLANO, MANDRELL & WERTHEIMER, and MARK DEUTSCH.

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PGM 1223 'ELECTRONIC DIMENSIONS' : aug. 9-16

The transition from 'electric' to 'electronic' was one of the great technical achievements of the 20th century. Electronic engineering emerged out of the telephone, radio, film and television industries, and military communication and weapon systems during World War II. The earliest devices for creating electronic music actually date from the end of the 19th century. By the 1920s and 30s we had compact, playable electronic instruments like the Russian Theremin, the French Ondes Martenot, and the German Trautonium. 

Development of recording technology led to experimentation with record players and tape recorders to manipulate sound and create new kinds of music. Electronic music expanded exponentially in the 1960s and 70s with the arrival of practical electronic synthesizers, fueling an era of explosive creativity. Today electronic music extends from mainstream dance music to experimental noise, with literally thousands of sub-genres, and an unlimited palette of sounds and creative possibilities. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, a journey in the infinite tone-worlds of electronic space, on a program called ELECTRONIC DIMENSIONS. 

Music is by FOURTH DIMENSION, BLUETECH, ESKOSTATIC, BETWEEN INTERVAL, SCOTT LAWLOR, and ALPHA WAVE MOVEMENT.

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PGM 1222 'ECSTATIC RHYTHMS' : aug.2-9

Middle Eastern music from the so-called "cradle of civilization" goes back some 5000 years. Today it spans a vast region stretching from Morocco to Iran—including the 22 Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa, Persian music from Iran, Hebrew music from Israel, pre-Islamic music from Assyria, music from Turkey, Armenia, and Cyprus, plus the nomadic Berbers of North Africa, Coptic Christians of Egypt, and the great Andalusian music of Muslim Spain. It's a rich mix with a colorful history. 

Common features are a system of melodic 'modes' called maqam based on quarter tones (with up to 24 notes to the octave), sinuous melodic ornamentation, and ecstatic, sophisticated rhythms. According to 11th century Persian philosopher and theologian AL-GHAZAL, "Ecstasy means the state that comes from listening to music." 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, the microtonal melodies and hypnotic percussion of Middle Eastern music, on a program called ECSTATIC RHYTHMS.

Music is by MERCAN DEDE, DEAD CAN DANCE, LOGA RAMIN TORKIAN & AZAM ALI, WAHID, KRONOS QUARTET & MAHSA VAHDAT, MICHEL BANABILA, and ANOUAR BRAHEM.

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PGM 1221 'ONE SMALL STEP' : july 19-26

After centuries of talk about "the man in the moon," by 1969 humans finally had the technology to put men ON the moon. In 2019 we celebrate that epoch-making American achievement—the beginning of the age of space exploration, the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon, and astronaut NEIL ARMSTRONG's famous walk. It's a cultural touchstone—an event that's inspired a small sub-genre of electronic music and soundtracks from the 1980s to today. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, we celebrate the spirit of space exploration and the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, on a program called ONE SMALL STEP.

Music is by BRIAN ENO with ROGER ENO & DANIEL LANOIS, JONN SERRIE, MARTIN HUBA, MATT MORTON, PALANCAR, and JAJA.

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PGM 1220 'AMBIENT TRAVELER 2' : july12-19

In the warm, bright days of summer, an ambient fan yearning for travel to exotic cultures will book a flight on Sequencer Airlines. With its steady pulse, it's a perfect rhythm for moving through space. 

The roots go back to 9th century Persia, but the music sequencer idea really got going in the 19th century after the Industrial Revolution, with popular devices like music boxes, mechanical organs, and player pianos. By the first generation of electronic synthesizers in the 1960s and 70s, the Step Sequencer was a machine that turned equal length notes into repeating rhythm patterns. They're simple, delightfully hypnotic, and fun to work with. 

Today things are more complicated, but a lot more powerful. We have audio sample sequencers, loop-based creative music software, phrase samplers, and digital audio recording software many times more powerful than the primitive sequencers of early synths—and hey! They're still fun to work with. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...a journey from kinetic sequencer patterns to exotic Southeast Asian ambient soundscapes—on a program called AMBIENT TRAVELER 2. 

Music by ATOMIC SKUNK, DAVID PARSONS, CHRISTEL VERAART, CHRONOTOPE PROJECT, LOREN NERELL, ALIO DIE & LORENZO MONTANA, RICHARD BONE.

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PGM 1219 'BEYOND THE COOL' : june 28-july 6

The legendary trumpeter MILES DAVIS from his 1969 classic IN A SILENT WAY—the album that established laid-back, atmospheric, electrified jazz fusion — built on the acoustic Cool Jazz of the 1950s. It's been called a "proto-ambient masterpiece." 

In retrospect, 1969 was the threshold of the electronic revolution in popular music that brought us the ambient electronic music of today. [Miles] Davis added two electric pianos, organ and electric guitar to his band, slowed down the tempos, and made music history. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, we feature the sound of the trumpet and the flugelhorn in a journey from cool jazz, to space jazz, to ambient — on a program called BEYOND THE COOL. Music is by MILES DAVIS, JEFF OSTER, TWILIGHT ARCHIVE, TOM LUTHER, FRANK MAUCERI & MIKE WHITEHEAD, CHAD KETTERING, NILS PETTER MOLVAER, and MEG BOWLES.

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PGM 1218 'MOONTRIBE' : june 21-28

Summer officially arrives on the 21st of June — the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. For ambient musicians, the extra light and heat inspire influences from faraway warm-weather cultures; exotic acoustic instruments, tribal rhythms, and mind-bending shamanic rituals, combined with creative electronics and native soundscapes. It breeds an evolving genre originally called "techno-tribal." Today we call it "tribal ambient" — it evokes atavistic memories of our village past for our digital tribes, and creates a space for virtual travel, even if the body has to stay at home. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space from guest producer DAVID J. EGAN, a tribal/ambient/solstice journey for summer, on a program called MOONTRIBE.

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PGM 1217 'INDO-TRONICA 3' : june 7-14

The Hindustani classical music of North India was little-known to westerners until the 1960's, when The Beatles famously introduced Indian sitar virtuoso RAVI SHANKAR to their audience and incorporated the instrument into their music. 

The long-necked lute called the sitar and it's bass version the surbahar, other unique Indian string instruments like the veena, the sarod, the sarangi and the esraj, along with the bansuri flute, have gradually become familiar to western listeners in the last hundred years. More recently, the microtonal scales of Indian music lent themselves to being combined with electronic instruments, giving rise to an ambient genre we call Indo-tronic. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, the fusion of microtonal melodies, exotic ornaments, and electronic tone colors — on a program called INDO-TRONICA 3.

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PGM 1216 'ADVENTURES IN PSYBIENT' : may 31-june 7

In the fervent, prolific, always evolving field of popular electronic music, genres rise, shine, and set—often with alarming speed. So it's reassuring to know that the relatively long-running streams of Psychedelic and Trance music have embraced the cool sonorities and spatial sound images of Ambient—giving birth to the variously named hybrids Psybient, Psytrance, or just Psy. It's a realm worth exploring. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...what happened when Psytrance Met Ambient—on a program called ADVENTURES IN PSYBIENT. It's a love story.

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PGM 1215 'VERNAL FLIGHT' : may 24-31

Spring has long been the most unpredictable of seasons—these days, more than ever. This week we had a bit of January in May here in Northern California; it was back to boots and raingear. Next week it'll be like high summer. Everything is changing, and the wind rushes in every direction in a futile effort at equilibrium. 

The seasonal winds inspire ambient musicians to create an airy, open music with flutes and electronics, and we can ride the sound currents like birds in search of new frontiers. On this transmission of Hearts of Space, an airy, windy, floating journey for spring, on a program called VERNAL FLIGHT.

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PGM 1214 'ANCESTRAL VOICES 2' : may 10-17

All most Americans know about Vietnam is that we fought a long and pointless war there in the 1960s and 70s. Today, if you live on the west coast, more likely than not there's a delicious Vietnamese restaurant in your community. But the ancient cultures, and the music of Southeast Asia and Vietnam in particular, is a mystery to most of us. 

A select group of Western composers and musicians have been drawn to these cultures, along with Southeast Asian musicians who've relocated to the West. They're creating a new fusion of traditional and contemporary music. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...subtle, exotic sounds from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Southeast Asia, on a program called ANCESTRAL VOICES 2.

Music is by GRAYHAWK, LÊ TỰ CƯỜNG, PEETER VÄHI, RICHARD HOROWITZ, PHAN KIM THÀNH, VANESSA VÕ, LÊ TUẤN HÙNG & ĐẶNG KIM HIỀN, TRÍ NGUYỄN & THE ILIOS QUARTET.

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PGM 1213 'PROGRESSIVE AMBIENT' : may 3-10

The "progressive" label is growing, and it has nothing to do with politics. 

In music, the term has a history that goes back to Progressive Folk in the 1930s. After that came Progressive Jazz from the 1940s to the 1970s, Progressive Rock, Pop, and Bluegrass in the 1960s, Progressive Country in the 1970s, Progressive Metal in the 1980s, and Progressive Electronic and Progressive House in the 1990s. Progressive is what happens when a genre has matured, and there's an abundance of highly skilled musicians who want to stay creatively challenged. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...if the progressive label means expanding stylistic and conceptual boundaries and synthesizing cultural influences—then I'm gonna say we're overdue for a genre—and a program—called PROGRESSIVE AMBIENT.

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PGM 1212 'CANTO OSTINATO' : apr.26-may 3

The contemporary classical genre called Minimalism arrived in the middle of the 20th century as a reaction against the rigid avant-garde theories of Serialism, which threw out the tonal center and harmonic systems of a thousand years of European music.

Serialism was intellectually brilliant—unfortunately, the music was ugly, tedious, and unpopular. In the 1960s, a number of American composers including LA MONTE YOUNG, TERRY RILEY, STEVE REICH, and PHILIP GLASS found their way back to tonality, with a style based on "minimal" elements: consonant harmony, static drones or a steady pulse, and slowly changing thematic motifs.

Minimalism looked back and forward at the same time. Unlike Serialism, it was appealing and popular, and was eventually adopted by a number of European composers who've been featured on Hearts of Space, including MICHAEL NYMAN, GAVIN BRYARS, JOHN TAVENER, HENRYK GÓRECKI, and ARVO PÄRT. One that we missed—who must be the best-kept secret in European minimalism—is the late Dutch composer SIMEON TEN HOLT, who died in 2012.

After experimenting with complex chromaticism and serialism early in his career, Ten Holt arrived at his own style of "humanized" minimalism: infused with traditional musical values, rhythmically rigorous, wonderfully melodic, and flexible in performance. His most famous piece, composed in 1976, is called CANTO OSTINATO, which in Italian means "obstinate song," a reference to its continuous, repeating quintuplet rhythm base. Its structure is based on 106 "cells" of a few phrases each which allow great latitude for repeats and interpretation by the performers. The piece can take from two hours to more than a day, and there are dozens of versions for 1, 2, 3, and 4 pianos, pianos plus organ, harp, or marimba, pipe organ, strings, and synthesizer.

The piece has been a phenomenon in the Netherlands for 40 years and hundreds of sold out performances. Despite that, it's hardly ever been performed or broadcast in the U.S. I'm STEPHEN HILL and we're going to help fix that on this transmission of HEARTS of SPACE, with a lyrical and rhythmically mesmerizing version for two pianos, performed by the Dutch husband/wife duo JEROEN and SANDRA VAN VEEN. The recording is from one of their live "LIGCONCERT" or "Lying Concerts," where the audience stretches out on mats and blankets on the floor of the venue for two hours of serious listening.

Simeon Ten Holt's CANTO OSTINATO, for two pianos, on this spring transmission...of Hearts of Space.

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PGM 1211 'ELECTRON TRAVELER 4' : april 12-19

Flying...and Floating.

As a literal description of the experience, it goes back to the early days of popular electronic music and the early days of Hearts of Space. Over the years we've done programs called Floating Whispers, Floating Worlds, Floating Gardens, Floating Reveries, Floating Waves, Floating Winds, and yes, Flying and Floating 1, 2, and 3. 

Back then I said "flying music is rhythm-powered and moves through space, heading for worlds beyond; floating music is goal-free—ethereal, static, and timeless."

You know, I can't really add anything to that. We still enjoy expanding into unlimited virtual spaces, and yearn for the quiet pleasure of weightless suspension in time.

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...another journey in our electronic touring series, on a program called ELECTRON TRAVELER 4. Music is by ASCENDANT, KEVIN KELLER, ALPHA WAVE MOVEMENT, DWIGHT LOOP, MASSERGY, and ERIK WØLLO.

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PGM 1210 'SENTIENT TOUCH' : mar.29-apr.6

Early electronic music had a reputation for being cold, austere, and technical. That was good if that's the feeling you were trying to express, but even in those early days some electronic musicians wanted to create something altogether warmer and more "organic"—a "humanized" electronic music if you will—inspired by the beauty and complexity of the natural world, including acoustic instruments and nature sounds, but with the new and almost limitless creative possibilities of electronic sound design. 

I met one of those artists in the early 1980s when he was a 19 year old student at CCRMA—(they called it KARMA) Stanford University's famous Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics. In those days ROBERT RICH was building his own electronic instruments and studying lucid dreaming. His early work helped define and expand the scope and quality of ambient, dark-ambient, tribal and trance music. For forty years and over 40 albums, he's pursued his vision of an organic electro-acoustic music, and become a core artist for Hearts of Space. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, we focus on Robert Rich's 2019 double album TACTILE GROUND. He calls it "an exploration of the synesthesia of sound on skin"—on a program called SENTIENT TOUCH.

Music is by ROBERT RICH, LORENZO MONTANA, FORREST FANG, and JEFF GREINKE.

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PGM 1209 'THE INFINITE PIANO' : mar. 22-29

For an instrument that's been around for over three hundred years, the piano continues to surprise. Ever since the arrival of popular electronic instruments, ambient musicians have been busy reinventing the sound and the setting of the piano. 

Musically, the 19th century Romantic Classical composers who perfected the piano concerto inspired VANGELIS (and thousands of new age pianists) to create personal, "high affect," emotionally-centered music—while the gentle, ironic French proto-ambient composer ERIK SATIE inspired others to create quiet, unpretentious miniatures. Still others have taken the instrument into cosmic space, where it chimes and sings across the starfields. 

In the 21st century, the piano is (almost) everywhere. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...(with appreciation to MICHAEL BROOK, creator of the Infinite Guitar) the evolving sound of THE INFINITE PIANO. Music is by VANGELIS, CHAD LAWSON, TOM EATON, BILL DOUGLAS, BEN LUKAS BOYSEN, and NILS FRAHM.

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1207 'A FRAGILE BEAUTY' : mar. 1-8

For all the challenges that winter brings, it also offers a time for quiet, solitude, pristine stillness, rebirth, and renewal. This meditative aspect of the season has inspired contemporary post-classical composers to create sparse yet majestic soundscapes. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, we bring together the serene melancholy of ambient chamber music, the patiently unfolding cadences of sacred minimalism, and the ethereal lightness of choral harmonies, on a program called A FRAGILE BEAUTY.

Music is by LUDOVICO EINAUDI, ELENI KARAINDROU, JÓHANN JÓHANNSSON, MAX RICHTER, and VOCES8.

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1206 'WINTERTRONIC' : feb.15-22

Winter...has a way of overstaying its welcome. After several months of sullen skies, numbing cold, and too many days of frigid rain, sleet, or snow—even the most ardent champions of the season fall silent. We've arrived...at forbearance. 

Here in California, the trees blossom in mid-February regardless of the weather. After a big rain, the ground is strewn with pink and white petals. Soon the storms will taper off and spring will arrive. For most of the country though, there's still a long time to wait. 

Ambient electronic artists find inspiration in the winter atmospheres, and create music with dark drones, virtual storms, chilled tones, and monochromatic harmonies. On this transmission of Hearts of Space, it's another wintry journey on electronic waves — on a program called WINTERTRONIC.

Music is by TRANSPONDER, HOLLAN HOLMES, SOLARIS, NETHERWORLD, BLUETECH, KIRSTY HAWKSHAW, JANNE HANHISUANTO, and ILUITEQ.

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1205 'FROZEN TIME'

The serene spaces of contemplative minimalism have attracted some strange bedfellows over the years, including classical, new music, and experimental composers, serious jazz artists, ambient-electronic sound sculptors, and native musicians from the far north. They share a taste for consonance, repetition, slow tempos, electro-acoustic instrumentation, and expanded ambience. 

In these vast, frigid spaces, time seems to slow and even stop. On this transmission of Hearts of Space, timeless soundscapes inspired by the arctic north, on a program called FROZEN TIME.

Music is by CHRISTEL VERAART, JEFF GREINKE, TIGRAN HAMASYAN, JOHN LUTHER ADAMS, MICHAEL JON FINK, SOMEI SATOH, and OLAFUR ARNALDS.

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PGM 1204 'MAGIC METALS 2' : jan.25-feb.1

Consider, dear listener, the "resonant percussion" family of instruments—bells, bowls, gongs, and cymbals. When struck, rubbed, stroked or vibrated, they can produce sustained tones and clouds of sound that take on a special resonance in the cold, crisp winter air. 

Simple but powerful, these venerable acoustic instruments attract a singular breed of musician: a connoisseur of pure sounds, an improviser, a conductor of contemplative experience. They've been used in worship and meditation for thousands of years. Today they're the foundation of the therapeutic field of Sound Healing; while in the studio they're being combined with ambient electronics to create spiritually charged virtual environments. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space the contemplative world of resonant percussion, on a program called MAGIC METALS 2. Music is by ALPHA WAVE MOVEMENT, YUVAL RON, DIATONIS, KEVIN BRAHENY FORTUNE, KARMA MOFFETT, RIVER GUERGUERIAN, HANS CHRISTIAN, and DEUTER.

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PGM 1203 'INFINITE HORIZONS' : jan.18-25

This time on Hearts of Space, we're back to the floating worlds of ambient-electronic music.

It's an open-ended medium—almost unlimited in its ability to invent new sounds and use them to create virtual soundscapes. Despite epic changes in the business of recorded music over the last twenty years, the ambient-electronic genre is healthy and slowly expanding as a studio-based art. Composers on five continents hone their craft in personal studios, create albums, and release them on independent platforms like BANDCAMP.com and the major streaming services. 

They're "unsigned artists" and they like it that way. They collaborate with kindred ambient artists, and even work with independent record labels whose taste they like. Many of them have families and a skilled day job and their music is a serious avocation; others have found a way to survive on their music and related activity. 

Right now, everybody wins on the important thing: there's something at the heart of the ambient experience that feeds both the musicians and the audience, with a rich stream of serious new releases and a growing catalog of classics. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space...another ambient electronic journey, on a program called INFINITE HORIZONS. Music is by ILUITEQ, ERIK WØLLO, IAN BODDY & ERIK WØLLO, JUHA-MATTI RAUTIAINEN, and STEVE ROACH.

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PGM 1202 'PIPE ORGAN MEDITATIONS' : jan.11-18

It's been far too long since we devoted a Hearts of Space program to the pipe organ. Yes, the pipe organ. Did you know that there's a public radio program dedicated entirely to the pipe organ called PIPEDREAMS? It's even older than Hearts of Space, and still going strong.

The pipe organ dates back to ancient Greece in the third century BCE. About a thousand years ago, it started making its way into churches. Because of its tonal character and volume, it proved the ideal instrument to lead people in singing. Over those 10 centuries, the organ evolved into an extremely high-tech machine. Its range, size, and importance grew along with the Christian religion—especially in Protestant churches, where the congregation sang together.

By about 1600, the pipe organ was the most complex machine that humans had created — massive assemblies of bellows, valves, wood and metal pipes that could fill the vast reverberant spaces of European cathedrals with powerful sound. Hundreds of years before amplified music, the pipe organ was the first full-spectrum, full volume, multi-voice, super-instrument. The organ console was what we'd now call an "advanced ergonomic user interface." It was—without a doubt—the king of instruments, used to lead sacred services and create sublime moments of elevated religious emotion.

The pipe organ enjoyed a kind of golden age in Baroque Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, with rapid technological development and a growing repertoire of ecclesiastical works. By the early 20th century, French avant-garde composers were pushing the instrument to its limits—from delicate meditations and orchestrated tone poems, to bombastic showpieces exploring dissonance and extreme tonalities. Where Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque organ music had been limited to the church, the new music was also secular and experimental. In France, one devout Catholic composer embraced both the church and the avant-garde: OLIVIER MESSIAEN's music illustrated themes from Christian history and mythology, using an advanced musical language and playing techniques.

On this transmission of Hearts of Space, we bring together contemplative classics by OLIVIER MESSIAEN with contemporary composer-performers, on a program called PIPE ORGAN MEDITATIONS.

Music is by OLIVIER MESSIAEN, KIT DOWNES, ARVO PÄRT, ZVONIMIR NAGY, and PETER MICHAEL HAMEL.

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PGM 1201 'SPACE GUITAR SUPERSTARS' Part 2 : dec.28-jan.4

This week, dear spacefan, we conclude our two-part mini-documentary on the electronic space guitar celebrating our 1200th program—with music by American, English and Norwegian artists who extended the dimensions of the instrument in the 21st century. 

On these centennial programs, we take a retrospective look at the music we feature, often documentary-style, rather than our normal uninterrupted format. Of course, if you listen on our web service or mobile apps, you can turn off the voiceovers with one click or tap and still hear uninterrupted music. 

On this transmission of Hearts of Space: SPACE GUITAR SUPERSTARS — Part 2. Music is by BUCKETHEAD, DANIEL LANOIS, LEO ABRAHAMS, EIVIND AARSET, CLIVE WRIGHT, JON DURANT, DAVID HELPLING, ROBIN GUTHRIE, CARL WEINGARTEN, HAMMOCK, and JEFF PEARCE.

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